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In the latter half of the 19th century, the arts and crafts
movement began in Europe. Against the backdrop of industrialization
and the loss of human concerns, so strongly demonstrated by the likes of
writers such as Charles Dickens, the rebellion against dehumanizing
attitudes began. Where industrial products were shoddy, factory-made,
assembly-line in both style and commonness, there was a need to return
to items that were hand-crafted and decorative. In North America, the
movement spread, characterized by a period of innovation and
experimentation. This extended to all fields of design, from furniture
to pots to architecture. Leaders of the movement included Gustav
Stickley amd Frank Lloyd Wright, who helped restore clean lines and
simplicity to the arts. This led to artists colonies being founded in
which individuality and creativity predominanted.
